Thématique «Livre voitures Anciennes françaises» : Une vidéo à consulter sur YouTube

Une vidéo, produite par Histoires du Monde et mise en ligne sur YouTube (le ), aborde le sujet de « Livre voitures Anciennes françaises ».

La plateforme YouTube est propose des vidéos allant des derniers succès musicaux aux comédies hilarantes, en passant par des documentaires captivants.

À la date de notre visionnage (), la vidéo avait accumulé un certain nombre d’interactions. Le décompte de Likes indiquait: 25087.

La durée (00:50:14s) de la vidéo, le titre (Histoire des États-Unis et des Nations Amérindiennes), sont à prendre en compte de même que la description publiée par l’auteur :« Toute l’Histoire du territoire où se situent actuellement les États-Unis d’Amérique rassemblée pour la première fois en une seule vidéo.
– L’Histoire des Nations autochtones
– Les colonisations britanniques, françaises et espagnoles
– L’Histoire des États-Unis, de la conquête de l’Ouest et de leur politique extérieure
– L’Histoire des Afro-américains et de l’immigration
– Plus de 700 cartes dessinées

Merci à Bertrand van Ruymbeke et Catherine Pomeyrols pour leurs relectures.

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Sources bibliographiques :
– In the Hands of the Great Spirit de Jake Page
– 1491 de Charles C. Mann
– Le passé indigène : Histoire pré-coloniale du Mexique de Alfredo López Austin
– L’Histoire des États-Unis de 1492 à nos jours de Bertrand van Ruymbeke
– Histoire de l’Amérique Française de Cécile Vidal et Gilles Havard
– Histoire des Noirs aux États-Unis de David Diallo
– Empire’s Workshop de Greg Grandin

Musées : Prise en note de la totalité des panneaux :
– Musée de Chamberlain, Dakota du Sud : Histoire des Sioux
– Musée du mémorial de Crazy Horse, Dakota du Sud : Histoire des nations autochtones par région
– National Museum of American Indians, Washington DC
– Musée de l’immigration, Ellis Island, New York
– Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Dakota du Sud : Histoire des États-Unis

Sources des cartes :
– The Loss of Native American Lands within the U.S. Every Year, EmperorTigerstar : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zadq5dl2G8Q
– The History of North American Every Year, EmperorTigerstar : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IKcS4DlaTw
– The History of the World : Every Year, Ollie Bye : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6Wu0Q7x5D0

Timeline de la vidéo :
0:00 : L’arrivée des premiers humains
1:18 : Premières cultures
2:08 : Les sociétés agricoles
4:51 : Diversité des sociétés
5:53 : L’Europe au 15ème siècle
7:02 : Colonisation espagnole
9:36 : Arrivée des français, anglais et néerlandais
10:56 : Différents types de relations avec les Nations locales
13:48 : Les Guerres iroquoises
15:16 : Agrandissement des colonies
16:11 : Révoltes des Natifs
17:19 : Les Nations des grandes plaines
18:10 : Expansion de l’alliance franco-indienne
18:59 : Montée en puissance des colonies britanniques
20:47 : La guerre de 7 ans
22:24 : La guerre d’indépendance
25:01 : A l’Ouest : Espagnols, Russes et épidémies
26:04 : Au-delà des Appalaches
29:18 : Ruée vers l’or en Californie
30:09 : Les États-Unis au 19ème siècle
30:39 : Guerre de Sécession & Reconstruction
33:05 : Conquête des Grandes Plaines de l’Ouest
36:40 : Ségrégation & Gilded Age
37:37 : Début de l’impérialisme des États-Unis
39:05 : 1ère Guerre Mondiale & Prohibition
39:55 : New Deal
40:34 : 2ème Guerre Mondiale
41:36 : Début de la Guerre Froide
44:30 : Militantisme & Guerre Froide
47:24 : L’après Communisme
49:40 : Conclusion ».

La vidéo est accessible directement sous ce paragraphe

Qu’est-ce qui rend certains livres si onéreux ?

Pour faire des économies, optez pour des ouvrages d’occasion. Des plateformes comme Rakuten, eBay ou les librairies de seconde main constituent d’excellentes options pour dénicher des livres en bon état à des prix avantageux. Les forums de passionnés et les groupes de collectionneurs représentent également de bonnes ressources.

Où acheter des livres d’automobiles rares

Identifier le bon livre est aussi fonction du point de vente. Voici quelques pistes pour dénicher des ouvrages de qualité :

• Librairies Spécialisées et Salons de l’Automobile: Certaines librairies se concentrent sur l’automobile, offrant des ouvrages anciens ou rares. Les salons d’automobiles anciennes et les événements pour passionnés présentent souvent des stands avec des ouvrages spécifiques.
• Sites de Collection et Plateformes en Ligne: AbeBooks, eBay, Amazon et Le Bon Coin offrent une multitude de livres, y compris des éditions d’occasion. Pour des éditions rares, les sites spécialisés dans les livres d’occasion ou les catalogues de bibliophilie peuvent être très utiles.
• Bourses aux Livres et Bibliothèques: Certaines bibliothèques offrent la possibilité d’emprunter des livres rares, tandis que les bourses aux livres peuvent permettre de trouver des livres à des prix intéressants.

Quelles sont les causes des tarifs élevés de certains livres ?

Les tarifs des livres de collection sur l’automobile peuvent paraître élevés en raison de leur qualité d’édition et de leur valeur intrinsèque. Les livres en édition limitée, anciens ou signés sont recherchés pour leur rareté. En outre, les livres de luxe incluent fréquemment des photographies et des documents uniques, des reliures en cuir ou des étuis de protection, les rendant ainsi précieux aux yeux des collectionneurs.

Combien faut-il investir dans un livre sur les voitures anciennes ?

Un livre sur les voitures anciennes peut avoir des coûts très différents selon sa qualité et son type d’édition :

• Livres Généralistes: Un bon livre d’introduction se situe généralement entre 30 et 60 euros.
• Ouvrages Spécialisés et Beaux Livres: Pour une édition illustrée de haute qualité, prévoyez de 80 à 200 €.
• Livres de Collection et Éditions Limitées: Ces livres peuvent atteindre des prix allant au-delà de 200 euros, surtout s’ils sont rares ou signés.

Une FAQ informative sur l’acquisition de livres traitant des voitures anciennes a été développée(voir cette page). Les informations fournies vous permettront d’évaluer la qualité et l’expertise des ouvrages disponibles.

Comment opter pour un ouvrage de qualité supérieure ?

Sélectionner un ouvrage de qualité sur les voitures anciennes nécessite de prêter attention à quelques critères importants :

1. L’Expertise des Auteurs: Cherchez des ouvrages rédigés par des experts réputés, tels que des historiens de l’automobile ou des journalistes spécialisés. Cela garantit des recherches approfondies et des informations dignes de confiance.
2. Les Illustrations et la Qualité d’Édition: Un ouvrage sur les voitures anciennes est d’autant plus précieux s’il contient de belles illustrations. Préférez les ouvrages avec de bonnes photos qui rendent hommage aux véhicules, à leurs lignes et à leur caractère. Une édition de qualité, avec une reliure robuste et du papier de premier choix, est synonyme de durabilité et de plaisir de lecture.
3. Les Avis et les Critiques: Avant d’acheter, il peut être judicieux de lire les avis des lecteurs et les critiques disponibles. Les fans d’automobile partagent souvent leurs retours en ligne, ce qui peut éclairer votre décision d’acquisition.

Le Livre Incontournable pour Chaque Passionné

Sélectionner un livre sur les voitures anciennes est une expérience enrichissante, que ce soit pour compléter sa collection ou pour offrir un cadeau précieux. Que vous soyez attiré par une rétrospective ou par un livre dédié, il est essentiel de prendre le temps d’explorer les différents types de ouvrages afin de trouver celui qui saura satisfaire votre passion ou celle de la personne à qui vous l’offrez. Les livres de qualité, pleins d’histoires et d’illustrations, représentent de véritables trésors pour les amateurs d’automobiles anciennes et des souvenirs inoubliables à chérir.

Les bénéfices d’un livre sur les voitures anciennes

Leslivres sur les voitures anciennesne sont pas seulement des sources d’information, mais aussi de véritablesobjets de collection. Certains ouvrages présentent des photographies inédites, des dessins techniques, et des essais qui ne peuvent être trouvés ailleurs. Posséder unlivre sur sa voiture féticheou sur une époque donnée devient ainsi unplaisirqui dépasse le cadre de la lecture.

À l’ère du numérique, chercher des informations sur lesvoitures anciennesen ligne peut sembler plus simple. Néanmoins, lesouvragesrestent un choix essentiel pour les fans. Un ouvragebien illustréet documenté permet d’explorer l’histoire automobilede manière détaillée, grâce à une qualité d’édition qui procure uneexpérience de lectureunique. Contrairement aux ressources en ligne, souventfragmentéesouincomplètes, les livres de collection offrent desanalyses approfondies, souvent rédigées par desspécialistesou des journalistes du secteur.

Options de ouvrages : Rétrospectives comparées aux spécialisés ?

Avant de procéder à unacquisition, il est nécessaire de comprendre les multiples types d’ouvragesqui existent. En fonction de ce que vous cherchez ou des goûts du destinataire si vous envisagez uncadeau, certains types d’livres seront plus adaptés.

Les rétrospectives automobiles sans spécialisation

Ces ouvrages traitent généralement de plusieurs décennies de l’histoire automobile, rassemblant des modèles de diverses marques, styles et époques. Ils sont chargés d’informations précieuses et constituent un excellent point de départ pour les novices ou ceux qui veulent explorer l’histoire générale de l’automobile. Les rétrospectives bien illustrées fournissent une vue d’ensemble fascinante et mettent en lumière l’évolution du design, des technologies et des tendances. Ce type de ouvrage est idéal pour offrir en tant quecadeau, car il convient à un large public sans être trop restreint.

Les livres orientés vers une marque ou un modèle précis

Pour les amateurs d’autos anciennes qui sont passionnés par une marque ou un modèle en particulier, un livre spécialisé peut faire un excellent choix. Il existe des ouvrages qui analysent en détail des marques iconiques comme Ferrari, Bugatti, Harley-Davidson ou la célèbre Citroën 2CV. Cependant, ces livres comportent un certain risque pour un collectionneur averti : il est possible que la personne en ait déjà un exemplaire, ou que le livre ne traite pas des aspects qui lui tiennent à cœur. Si le destinataire s’intéresse à une période ou à un type de véhicule plus général, une rétrospective pourrait être plus appropriée.

Les livres de luxe

Les livres d’art sur les voitures anciennes se déclinent souvent en grand format et sont particulièrement recherchés pour leur qualité visuelle. Avec des photographies haute définition et des images d’archives rares, ces livres sont idéaux pour être exposés et feuilletés. Ce type de publication est souvent plébiscité pour ses qualités esthétiques autant que pour son contenu.

Les voitures anciennes, de véritables chefs-d’œuvre de l’histoire de l’automobile, fascinent par leur style, leur ingénierie, et leur importance culturelle. De nombreux fans souhaitent enrichir leurs connaissances grâce à des livres de collection, mais le marché est rempli d’options variées. Comment déterminer quel ouvrage est le bon, que ce soit pour vous-même ou pour un ami ? Ce guide vous aidera à explorer les types d’livres, les lieux d’acquisition et les fourchettes de prix.

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#Histoire #des #ÉtatsUnis #des #Nations #Amérindiennes

Retranscription des paroles de la vidéo: This video tells the History and prehistory of the territory where the United States of America is currently located from the arrival of the very first humans until today. So make yourself comfortable and let’s go! Since the beginning of the first humans 2.5 million years ago several human species have been migrating through Africa and Eurasia and have been evolving But on the other side of the oceans another whole continent was still remaining beyond their reach However, about 100,000 years ago the Earth entered a new ice age and the ice accumulated so much that it lowered the level of the oceans and caused a new strip of land to emerge between Siberia and Alaska and it was during this period that the human species of Sapiens in turn migrated to Eurasia For reasons that we do not know, they ended up supplanting the other human species and managed to pass alone in Alaska But at that time, the climate warmed up again first causing a melting of the ice which freed a passage to the South then a rise in the waters which separated again the two continents But the giant animals and the horses living on this continent were not adapted to global warming so they ended up disappearing, not being helped either by humans who were spreading throughout the territory and improving their hunting tools. These groups of humans, who were nomads, adapted their way of life according to the climate of the region they were living in From the Great Plains filled with plants and bisons to the arid deserts of the Southwest where the lack of food led them to grow plants and build stone shelters to protect themselves from the Sun right through the milder weather on the coasts and the eastern woodlands where many hunter-gatherer societies formed with very varied lifestyles Some of these societies grew and developed pottery and trade until that the accumulation of wealth created from 1000 BC commercial but also religious elites based on the shaman, his rituals and the construction of large mounds made of earth to bury the elite in. This is called the Adena culture followed up by the Hopewell culture which lasted until 500 AD Meanwhile in Central America agriculture had been replacing hunter and gatherer ways of life and it was slowly spreading to the North First in the deserts where the Hohokam and Mogollon peoples started to build sophisticated irrigation systems to cultivate many plants including corn and where emerged the farming peoples of the Anasasis, Fremonts and Patayans Then it spread east of the Mississippi where the mounds peoples started to intensively cultivate corn as early as 800 AD They are nowadays called the Mississippians And eventually around 1000 AD, it spread among the central plains nomadic peoples and among the Northeastern woodlands creating large and permanent villages surrounded by vast fields These Northeastern communities were numerous and they all had very varied traditions and languages ​​but they usually had in common the way they used to choose their leader according to his ability to take the right decisions for his clan These leaders being also women in some communities But that was not preventing them from regularly entering into conflict because in their culture, each crime had to be avenged by lightning attacks or captures of prisoners who were then tortured or put into slavery And it was among these communities that Viking navigators, who were exploring the seas up to Greenland and even further, founded a small colony in an area they called Vinland from where they started to trade with the locals until a conflict broke out and made them leave without ever coming back Meanwhile, in the very hierarchical societies of the South maize farming was becoming of major importance in their culture Which reinforced the power of the priests who were due to protect maize crops with their rituals and of the elite who were accumulating the crops fostering the creation of large villages and new religious, artistic and commercial centers which also became ultra-precise astronomical calendars dedicated to harvests such as Mesa Verde and Pueblo Bonito among the Anasazi or the city of Cahokia among the Mississippians whose fortifications sheltered up to 15,000 inhabitants in the middle of ever higher mounds where human sacrifices were sometimes made But between 1250 and 1450 an alternation between droughts and heavy rains coupled with intensive agriculture that deforested and impoverished the soil discredited both the elites who were still accumulating wealth and the priests no longer able to curry favor with nature This caused wars between chiefdoms and civil wars that led major centers to be deserted and their inhabitants to scatter around The Mississippian way of life only survived in the South with the Caddo and then the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and later the Natchez nation while in the Southwest some clans from the former Anasazi, Hohokam and Mogollon peoples rejoined into small villages under new names such as Hopi and Zuni peoples letting the Ute, Paiute and Shoshoni nomadic tribes spread in the region These nomadic peoples were living by bison hunting like the peoples of the Great Plains and they were joined in the 15th century or maybe earlier by small bands of Athapaskan hunter-gatherers from the North Some of these bands became farmers like the Dinehs, later called Navajos while others remained nomadic alternating between trade and raids against more sedentary peoples There was also a full load of raids among the warrior Nations of the North-East where a spiral of revenge pushed them to ally into Confederacies The best known one being that of the five Nations who came together in 1450 or earlier as the Haudenosaunees: the longhouse people creating a Constitution and a Great Council where to each female clan chief used to send an emissary to debate major decisions Meanwhile, on the West Coast and in Florida the food was so diversified that many hunter-gatherers and fishermen societies developed without having to implement agriculture such as the Calusa and the Timucua whose population was growing more and more Of course, there were hundreds of other peoples settled in all the territory whose name we still don’t know But before going further, let’s see what was happening in Europe where evolution and human inventions had taken a completely different path Cultivable plants were different, horses had not disappeared And by the way, domestic animals were much more numerous and their proximity to humans had spread many diseases against which humans had become immune over time And the mastery of metals had led to the invention of firearms and currencies based on gold In addition, a large trade network was connecting Europe to Asia also called Indies to import spices to enhance the taste of European food This trade was worth an enormous potential for wealth but the too many middlemen along the way were rising the price of spices especially since 1453 when the Ottoman Empire conquered the territory where all these commodities were passing through And from 1479, it granted Venice and Genoa commercial monopolies which prevented other countries from benefiting from it. However, Portugal and Spain had recently well improved their navigation techniques to colonize ever more distant islands into the Atlantic So an idea emerged : let’s ​​find a new passage free of any customs or monopoly towards the Indies For that purpose, Portugal tried to circumvent Africa while Spain, convinced by the navigator Cristoforo Colombo, decided to join the Indies by crossing the Atlantic ocean and this was how, in 1492, Cristoforo Colombo landed on islands he believed to be part of the Indies and conquered the Taíno and Karib peoples whom he mistakenly called Indians Everyone then thought that Asia could be reached via the Atlantic ocean Tensions rose between Spain and Portugal over who would be able to colonize these lands And the Pope, who saw a great opportunity to convert these peoples to Catholicism, decided between them by giving the unknown lands of the West to Spain and those of the East to Portugal But despite this division, England went there anyway and found great schools of cod which attracted thousands of European fishermen who came into contact with the Confederacies of the North-East And Portugal also went there and understood with Amerigo Vespucci that these were not islands on the way to Asia but a whole continent Thus, this continent was named after Amerigo: America For its part, Spain christianized and enslaved local peoples to find gold mines and to work in sugar cane and tobacco plantations And the conquistadors left for the continent to find even more gold and slaves And that was how Hernan Cortés and Francisco Pizarro conquered in just a few years the great Mexica and Inca empires thanks to their horses and firearms but above all by allying with the many peoples oppressed by these empires and by unknowingly surfing on the virulent smallpox epidemics they brought with them and that happened to kill, sometimes even before they put a foot on their lands, hundreds of thousands of inhabitants who were not yet immunized against European diseases Further North, however, conquest was less easy The 3 Spanish expeditions in Florida were repelled by the Calusa, Timucua and other Nations whose slash attacks and bow agility were more efficient than the slow and heavy arquebuses and iron armors Moreover, despite the rumors of Cities of Gold Neither the French Jacques Cartier nor the Spaniard Coronado found gold in the North of this continent Since Coronado was disappointed, he destroyed and plundered Zuni and Hopi villages However, these first contacts with Europeans brought enormous epidemics which ravaged the Nations The multitude of coastal villages emptied out and the Caddo and Coosa cities got almost completely wiped out Which enabled Europeans to found their first colonies So, why found colonies there? First, in order to attack the Spanish galleons filled with stolen gold from Mexica and Inca This was the era of corsairs The French founded bases in Florida but Spain destroyed them and locked the access to these lands by founding its first permanent colonies and while the English also founded a base which was quickly abandoned, the Spaniard Juan de Oñate set up outposts in the South-West to secure this territory Secondly the Europeans came for cod fishing and to buy beaver furs from local Nations, which were very fashionable in Europe From 1600, private companies supported by European kings founded, after several failed attempts, trading fur posts : Port-Royal and Quebec in New France the English village of Jamestown in Virginia and the Dutch trading post Fort Nassau followed by Fort Orange and New Amsterdam in New Netherland And finally, other Europeans wanted to found in North America utopian communities where religious minorities would be able to live their faith without repression Because in the 16th century in Europe many Christian movements got separated from the Church which they considered as corrupt and some were suffering repressions such as an English Puritan movement who wanted to split up with the Anglican church and fled Europe to found the colony of Plymouth in 1620 on the lands of the Wampanoag Nation So, all these small European colonies were settled in the middle of many nations and chiefdoms They therefore needed to ally with the local Nations for many reasons : to survive potential attacks, harsh climate, and the lack of farmers in the colonies, to trade with the Nations and for the monks to christianize them On the other side, local Nations also wanted to ally with Europeans First of all because they were bearing the full brunt of European diseases killing 90% of some peoples and causing starvation, disintegration of societies and wars between Nations Therefore, many converted to Christianity because the monks who were settling in their communities were immune to these diseases and were seen as great shamans who convinced them to convert And moreover, wars incited the Nations to need European horses and firearms against their enemies and also to have, in exchange for the furs, the monopoly of the European metals, textiles and glass objects that no Nation knew how to manufacture and therefore that gave them a strong commercial advantage against their enemies And that is why alliances were formed via ceremonies or marriages But these first alliances evolved differently depending on each colony New Spain quickly favored assimilation and repression Assimilation because in exchange for being protected by the Spaniards against the raids of enemy Nations they incited the peoples to convert to the European way of life until even getting married between Spaniards and locals which gave birth to a mixed population allowed to access the high administrative positions of the colony And repression because these peoples also had to pay taxes, work for them, and provide them with food at the risk of being massacred if they refused The best lands were reserved for the Spaniards when many locals fell into poverty In New France, although each camp felt superior to the other It was rather a cooperative relationship that was maintaining As from 1603, Samuel de Champlain allied with many Nations and went on raids with them against the Haudenosaunee called Iroquois by the French These alliances endured because the fur trade did not require a lot of settlers Therefore, the French were not encroaching on the territories of their allies However, among the English, separation prevailed Be it the Puritans who wanted to live their utopia among themselves or the Jamestown settlers among whom John Rolfe imported from 1612 a variety of Caribbean tobacco that England got to love Thus, tobacco plantations started to attract many colonists to whom the London Company arbitrarily gave arable lands that encroached on the land of the powerful Powhatan Nation The marriage in 1614 between John Rolfe and the Powhatan chief’s daughter Pocahontas pacified relations, but the massive arrival of workers on the plantations stirred up tensions and resulted in the massacre by the Powhatans of a third of the English settlers in 1622 who retaliated with as much violence. The ties were then broken But as much as tobacco plantations fur trade and religious utopia also attracted many new European colonists The Spanish oppression and the English thirst for land led to Native revolts that were bloodily repressed and epidemics spread again with renewed vigor To compensate for the human losses due to the epidemics the Iroquois started to attack other Nations in order to snatch their inhabitants to : either eat them and acquire their strength or integrate them in their Iroquois society to maintain their numbers These were called the mourning wars But they also fought for the renowned monopoly on beaver fur that they were trading with the Dutch and whose overhunting pushed them even further to attack the Canadians’ fur suppliers such as the Wendat also called Hurons as well as the Anishinaabeg and Innu They resisted but from 1639 the Iroquois obtained more power by obtaining firearms from the Dutch while the Canadians did not want to provide some to their Wendat allies for fear that they would later use these firearms against them. And that was why from 1648, with their new firepower, the Iroquois assimilated half of the Wendat, killed many others and kept on raiding even further destroying the peoples who were forming the Canadian trade network While the plains of the North, became the refuge of survivors who had different languages ​​and cultures but were forced to live together creating, over the decades and internal conflicts, new peoples Consequently, the Canadians went further inland to recreate their trade network To do so, they strived to pacify relations between local Nations and to bribe each community leader in order to form a widespread alliance network based on gifts, and from now on, on firearms supplies These alliances allowed them to compete with the Iroquois as well as with the British colonies which had been keeping on growing through the temporary conquest of French Acadia, the founding of the new colony of Carolina where plantation owners started to enslave Blacks and Natives via the triangular trade then the conquest of New Netherland in 1664 new trading posts on the Hudson Bay, the colonization of the Bahamas And eventually, in 1682, the colony of Pennsylvania where the religious movement of the Quakers decided to create an anti-slavery society where all religions could coexist And all these colonies spread into the inner lands Some local Nations, not so much affected by this expansion, allied with the British such as the Iroquois, Catawba and Chickasaws who were trading with them beaver furs, deer skins or slaves for firearms and such as the Lenape who signed, at first, an honest treaty with Pennsylvania But in the Northeast, new settlers were flocking to the lands of the natives who rose up against the Puritan intrusions and against the bringing of alcohol into their societies. which led the Wampanoag, Narragansett and other Nations to get massacred by the British and their Iroquois allies, sold as slaves, put in Christian villages or reservations and to be almost exterminated While other Nations looked for protection inside the Franco-Indian alliance However, the Puritan intolerance could also backfire against the colonists themselves like in the village of Salem in 1692, where a series of witchcraft accusations led to the arrest and hanging of many people On Spanish colonies’ side It was the turn of the Pueblo to rise up in 1680 against the Catholic priests who were forbidding them to practice their beliefs And this time, they managed to expel the Spaniards during 12 years This rebellion also released many Spanish horses that the Apache nomadic tribes learnt to ride in order to carry out ever further raids And that was how horses spread over the Great Plains While from the East, the French were spreading firearms Thus, some tribes took advantage of their new mobility and firepower to expand their territory and moved towards new regions full of bisons and grass to feed their horses causing numerous conflicts and migrations of the peoples on their way This was the expansion onset of powerful nomadic tribes such as Shoshone, Comanche, Apache, Sioux, Cheyenne etc. who alternated between trade and wars with their neighbors These tribes, made up of a multitude of small groups, created specific nomadic ways of life in the Plains, while sharing similar features such as horses, raids, bison hunting and dances dedicated to the Great Spirit Meanwhile, the Franco-Indian alliance was more and more expanding : The French explored the Mississippi region that Cavelier de la Salle named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV Then during the Nine Years’ War they repelled the English and their Iroquois allies with whom they ended up signing a Great Peace in 1701 so that they would fight their mourning wars further away in the South And eventually, they established new forts in Louisiana in order to contain the British colonies expansion And they allied with new Nations including the powerful Natchez and Choctaw by helping them to make peace with the Chickasaw slave hunters But of course these new contacts spread serious epidemics Powerful Nations barely survived and smaller ones either settled near the French settlements to be protected and converted to Catholicism or mixed up their survivors into forming a new people : the Muskogee also called the Creek And when in 1702, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in Europe, the British colonists from Carolina allied with the Creek who attacked the Spaniards and devastated what was remaining of their Apalachee and Timucua allies in order to capture slaves The survivors mixed up in turn into another new people: the Seminole The conflict also took place in the North against the Canadians But in 1713 a peace treaty was eventually signed in Europe and France and Spain, which were weakened, were compelled to give to Great Britain : Newfoundland, Acadia and the Hudson Bay fur trade monopoly as well as the slave trade monopoly towards Spanish colonies Thus, British colonies gained a lot of power and put more and more pressure on local Nations The Tuscarora and Yamasee led two major revolts but they ended up exterminated along with surrounding Nations And this gave room for hundreds of thousands of colonists to arrive from Europe in order to obtain land, work or to flee from oppression And hundreds of thousands more were brought against their will as convicts or slaves Which led the colonies to grow even more to the detriment of local Nations whose lands were trimmed piece by piece to the point of being forced to move westwards mixing up with the Mingo, Shawnee, Catawba, Cherokee and Creek Nations who were fighting among themselves for the monopoly of trade with the British This tidal wave of new colonists so did overwhelm the Spanish and French colonies who offset their low number with ever more forts and alliances with natives whose due gifts were starting to cost France a lot of money By the way, French colonies went for the first time to war against allied Nations Against the Ho-Chunk and Meskwaki to control the northern rivers through which furs were transported and against the Natchez who no longer wanted to pay taxes and were exterminated by French Louisiana colonists and sold as slaves for the new Louisiana plantations But their biggest enemy remained the British with whom they were now fighting over a region full of fertile lands and fur trade : the Ohio Valley The two powers and their allies went to war in 1754 on top of which the European Seven Years War broke out once again allying France and Spain against Great Britain which eventually came out victorious after having conquered the West Indies and Canada In order to keep West Indies, Spain had to give Florida to the British but it kept the South West And France had to give them all its colonies and forts except the Eastern part of Louisiana which was secretly given to its Spanish ally so that it would not fall into British hands This was the end of the French colonies in North America and the beginning of the British hegemony which then tried to assimilate the Canadians The problem was that the British settlers: 1) did not see this new territory as isolated settlements and forts in the midst of local Nations but as an entire territory where they could settle in and 2) they replaced the French alliance system by a domination system including the end of weapon trade, the end of alliance gifts and a strong contempt for the natives This pushed many Nations led by the Odawa Pontiac to gather and fight against these new settlers They seized most of the British forts, devastated their crops and killed many inland settlers To quell these conflicts, the King of Great Britain guaranteed to these Nations a territory of their own beyond the Appalachian Mountains where the British colonists no longer had the right to settle This progressively enabled to sign peace treaties But it prevented settlers from expanding towards the West where the lands were fertile so they did not like that at all Indeed, the current territory was already full of inhabitants. And moreover, the debt accumulated during the Seven Years’ War led Great Britain to increase the customs duties and taxes on the colonies without including them in the British Parliament, which widened the gap between colonists and homeland and led to illegal border crossings, boycotts and riots, the most famous one being the Boston Tea Party to protest against the customs duties on tea Great Britain suppressed these riots and in 1774 it extended the borders of Quebec into Ohio Not to authorize its colonization but on the contrary to block the advance of the eastern colonists In reaction, 12 colonies gathered in a congress in Philadelphia to raise against Great Britain an army of volunteers whose leader was the Virginian planter George Washington They tried to rally the former French and Spanish colonies but those remained neutral or pro-British and in the end, 13 colonies declared their independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776 to create a republic Two camps divided the colonists : The patriots who wanted independence and the loyalists who wanted to remain British And each of these camps were joined : by Natives that many youngsters joined the loyalists for fear that the patriots might reject the treaties they had negotiated with the British and secondly by Black slaves to whom each side promised freedom if they won The British army quickly took New York But George Washington’s ambush techniques and his alliance with Spain and especially France, which wanted to weaken Great Britain and recover its colonial trade, enabled the Patriot to repel them And in 1783 Great Britain ended up recognizing the independence of the 13 colonies which became 13 independent States gathered in a union called the United States of America So the loyalists lost and whether they were white, native or black, they were exiled and their lands confiscated US borders were pushed West to the Mississippi even though treaties were still marking out the Nations’ territories and Florida was given back to the Spaniards to thanks them for their help A government gathering all the States was created and was called the federal government whose relative power compared to the States started to divide the country And the right to vote was given to white men who elected their first president of the republic in 1789: George Washington whose Bill of Rights guaranteed them many freedoms While some Northern States had already begun to prohibit slavery But while the United States was becoming independent, things were also moving in the West Russians and Bostonian merchants were hunting more and more sea lions whose skins were in high demand in China, along the way introducing firearms and alcohol in local societies And to limit their expansion New Spain built more and more forts and Catholic missions in its northern border and also in California where they tried to convert the locals and make them work for them like in San Diego, San Francisco, Los Angeles, etc. But these European and Russian incursions coupled in 1779 with a huge epidemic coming from Mexico spread diseases throughout the West killing a third of the West coast inhabitants, 90% of the Hopis and a large part of the Great Plains peoples The nomads like the Sioux were a little less affected because they lived in small groups always on the move and they took advantage of this to extend their territory in an area that New Spain was considering as its own even though it was almost not present there So from now on, for a better readability of the map I remove the small peoples of the West but keep in mind that they were still there So, let’s go back to the East Coast In the United States, millions of migrants were now arriving, in addition to a skyrocketing demographic growth Therefore, it had to expand its territory It bought land from local Nations through numerous treaties that were often signed under threat, corruption or even with someone who had no rights over these lands Which caused conflicts And just after the Spaniards ceded Louisiana to Napoleon the United States bought it back from him to expand even further So, faced with this wave of migrants, Native Nations got divided Should they flee? Resist ? or westernize? Because by selling their hunting lands to the United States and by becoming Christian farmers, natives were allowed to stay home and to potentially enrich with plantations and slaves In 1811, members of the Ohio Valley Nations chose to resist by forming a great alliance led by Tecumseh which was supported by British Canada But the United States ended up defeating them and turned against Canada which they did not manage to conquer On the contrary, many natives from the Five Nations of the Southeast chose to westernize in order to peacefully keep their lands But a part of the Creeks called Red Sticks did not agree and started a civil war in 1813 in which the United States intervened and took advantage of this war to strip off each side of a large part of its territory Once done The United States reduced the Nations from Ohio to reservations, put down a Seminole revolt in 1818 Which enabled them to invade Florida, which was deserted by the Spaniards, to better contain them Then negotiated with Canada a shared occupation of Oregon for the fur trade And while Mexico in turn obtained its independence from Spain the industrialization of the USA kept on demanding more land First, because of the growing demand for cotton which by the way provoked two violently repressed slave revolts starting from 1821 and secondly because the railroad was attracting more and more workers And when some gold was found in Georgia in 1828 land thirst quickly took over agreements signed with Nations whether they were westernized or not From 1830, 2 main policies enabled the USA to obtain more lands First, President Andrew Jackson set up a massive deportation of Eastern Nations Hundreds of thousands of natives were confined in camps then deported under terrible conditions mainly in current Kansas and in a large reservation called Indian Territory thus leaving the field clear for migrants to settle and which probably spread new smallpox epidemics in the Great Plains where about one people out of two were killed And secondly many settlers set up in less populated Mexican territories Whether in California, where the Mexican government was also striping the natives of their lands even though they were living in Catholic missions This triggered numerous massacres and wars that killed a third of the native population. But especially in Texas, where they outnumbered the Hispanics, declared its independence in 1836 and tied it to the United States in 1845 leading to a war between the two countries which ended up with the victory of the United States which obtained in 1848 a big part of northern Mexico And at the exact same time when California was taken over by the United States the news started to spread : a man had discovered gold there Thus, hundreds of thousands of gold diggers came to California within only 4 years It was the gold rush in California The local peoples got surrounded from all sides causing massacres and enslavement and the livestock brought by the settlers destroyed their hunting and gathering areas reducing them to starvation and alcoholism But to arrive in California, the settlers tide wave was passing through the Great Plains Nations which were already weakened by the epidemics from 10 years ago, and got in turn overwhelmed by the Whites And after many conflicts, the United States managed to sign as early as 1851, great treaties with Plains Nations who, in exchange for gifts and annual payments, agreed not to attack the white trains and to remain within predefined borders Meanwhile, among the eastern States, industrialization had been disrupting people’s way of life who were seeking answers among prophets and new Protestant currents such as the Adventists, the Shakers, the Unitarians and the Mormons who left to settle West among the Ute and Paiute And society got divided about new issues such as women’s rights, labor, education or even the fear of new migrants’ arrival either because they were Catholic like the Irish or because they might take the jobs of already established workers But above all, industrialization specialized regions and drove a barrier between them The Northern states wanted a strong federal power to support industry and finance and the Southern states, much less populated, wanted each state to be more independent to keep their slave-based planter lifestyle And it was this slavery that crystallized tensions First, because more and more slaves were fleeing to the North in order to live free through the Underground Railroad clandestine network But above all, because the conquest of the West led to the creation of new States which, if they were to authorize slavery, would attract planters and therefore would strengthen the Southern camp while if they were to prohibit it, they would reinforce the Northern camp To maintain a balance, two compromises agreed on dividing the territory between Southern slave States and Northern « free » States But the tensions grew and led to a civil war in Kansas, an increase of discriminations against Black people, and the creation of an anti-slavery republican party And when in 1860, the republican Abraham Lincoln got elected president Even though he did not intend to immediately abolish slavery 11 southern states seceded and created their own country the Confederate States of America It was the beginning of the Civil War between the Confederacy and the Union Each side allied with natives and promised them to protect their territory if they won and after some Confederate victories the Union got the upper hand But the war got bogged down and Lincoln started to need more soldiers Thus, in 1863, he abolished slavery in the Confederate States leading many Black people to join up to the Union This did not please the Northern workers because the labor market was already saturated there And Lincoln established conscription to force young people to go to war This led to violent riots in New York but the Union still managed to defeat the Confederates in 1865 provoking the assassination of Lincoln just after Civil War balance sheet : 620,000 dead, The 11 southern states gradually got reintegrated into the USA, the federal power increased and the industry and finance won over the agricultural model of the South As for Black people, they became from then on free then citizens so that the Republicans would recover their vote Which did not prevent racism from prevailing in the North and also in the South where an anti-Black outburst created laws locally limiting their freedom and created the Ku Klux Klan which spread terror to prevent Black people from voting But in the meantime of the American Civil War, gold was found in the western Great Plains and Lincoln had passed a law in 1862 which gave free lands in this area Thus, mining towns sprang up like mushrooms and hundreds of thousands of farmers whose journey got simplier thanks to the new railroads under construction settled on the Plains Nations’ lands despite of all the treaties This caused many wars, raids and massacres including the deportation of the Mescalero Apaches and the Navajos in a concentration camp until the government managed to negotiate new treaties that reduced the territories of the Plains and Alaskan Nations to reservations and sent others to the Indian Territory on their point of view : to protect each side from the hostility of the other and to give them the same rights as the Whites thanks to citizenship But on Nations’ point of view becoming citizens of the United States meant losing their sovereignty and giving up their cultures and religions Let’s add to that the strong reduction of their territory, the bison overhunting by White people making the reservations dependent on food rations delivered by the federal government, corrupt federal agents who were keeping these rations for themselves and barren lands sometimes hosting together several enemy Nations And that was why, some young Cheyenne, Comanche, Sioux, Nez Percé, Modoc and Chiricahua Apache refused to go to these reservations and kept on their nomadic lifestyles based on bison hunting, horse stealing and raids against enemy tribes and especially against white settlers In reaction, the army sent thousands of soldiers to suppress these groups which were bringing chaos to the region And in 1875, General Custer discovered gold in the sacred Black Hills region of the Sioux reservation making the government want to possess these lands To defend those, Sioux chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull gathered many young Sioux and Cheyenne warriors and slaughtered Custer’s army during of the battle of Little Bighorn Shocked by this defeat, the government sent even more soldiers to deport against their will all the natives into reservations Sitting Bull had no choice but to flee to Canada, the Nez Percé tried to join him but were massacred just before crossing the border And only the Chiricahua Apache, led by Geronimo, kept on fleeing the army and making raids in Mexico and the United States until exhaustion They eventually let themselves be captured in 1886 and were sent to a reservation in Florida as prisoners of war This marked the end of the Plains Indians nomadic way of life The cowboys and farmers who had little success in cultivating these new lands were quickly overtaken by mining companies and only the Navajo and Pueblo peoples were allowed to keep their lands because they were too arid to interest the Whites As for the rest, the living conditions worsened Boarding schools were created outside the reservations to separate children from their families and acculturate them All dances and ceremonies were forbidden but some Nations kept on resisting with the new Ghost Dance which was calling for the return of their traditions and the destruction of the Whites But this dance was suppressed by the massacre of hundreds of Sioux at Wounded Knee in 1890 Which broke the spirit of resistance of the Plains Nations and the reservations lands continued to be purchased by the Whites And from 1887, the Allotment Act forced families living in the Indian Territory to settle as farmers on small plots of land to make the rest of the territory available for sale But the money from the sales meant to be given to the natives disappeared, the fertile lands got gradually bought by White people and thus, the Nations got no other choice than relying on the food rations delivered by the government Hunger, despondency, boredom and alcoholism overwhelmed them and many left their reservation to find a job in town Meanwhile in the Southern States while small White and Black farmers were swamped in credits to buy their grain and their farm equipment, racism kept on worsening to the point that as early as 1877 Whites hijacked the Constitution and created laws that prevented Black men from voting and separated Blacks from Whites in all areas It was racial segregation that also spread to the North even though it was not written in the law there Racism also grew against Irish and Chinese people who were accepting lower wages initiating the first anti-immigration laws And on their side, industry and finance were booming and powerful businessmen agreed among themselves to maintain high prices and prevent the entry of new competitors It was the birth of oil, whiskey, sugar, tobacco or steel monopolies All this money corrupted the politicians and in reaction, many progressive movements rose up fighting individually for the workers, women, and Black people rights But while the Allotment Act was allowing the indigenous lands to be seized and exploited, It was henceforth the resources of other countries which started to interest industrialists, bankers, landowners, and corrupt politicians It was the beginning of the US imperialism whose main goal was not conquering except for Hawaii But exploiting, through US companies, the resources of surrounding countries The US set up banks there, negotiated advantageous customs rates, bought back their debts to control their financial and commercial policy and if its presence was rejected it supported local pro-independence groups to overthrow the power in place and put in place a favorable government that: In Cuba, exported sugar to the USA at low price, In the Philippines, gave the US a commercial foothold in Asia as a colony And in Panama, allowed the USA to build a canal between the two oceans President Theodore Roosevelt restricted this intervention policy and fought against monopolies But as soon as Taft became president, expansionism resumed and some countries opposed it, which pushed the United States to go even further by directly overthrowing the presidents : of Nicaragua to exploit its mines, of Honduras to control its banana trade and of Haiti to protect US banks and sugar plantations Of course these interventions destabilized the countries and caused a bloody war against the native Nations in the Philippines, a long civil war in Nicaragua and a revolution in 1910 in Mexico And while imperialism and capitalism were bringing wealth to the USA The First World War began in Europe and the United States first helped France and the United Kingdom by selling them food and ammunition But in 1917, while Pancho Villa was raiding the United States Germany blocked the US trade to Europe and offered an alliance to the Mexican revolutionaries They refused but the United States still recruited 2 million soldiers to defend their democracy and helped their allies to win the war The economy of the United States then started again with cars, radio, cinema, but also with stock market and consumer credits while progressive movements were raising awareness of the harmful effects of alcohol, which ended up being banned throughout the country in 1919 It was the time of Prohibition, giving birth to an widespread alcohol trafficking by gangsters such as Al Capone But the unregulated growth of these Roaring Twenties was based on speculation and credit which caused a huge economic crisis in 1929 which spread throughout the world Thus, Democrat Frankin D. Roosevelt was elected president to radically change the politics of the United States with the New Deal He regulated industries and banks and gave rights to workers He stopped all the interventions in Latin America and opened an era of cooperation on the continent and he appointed to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) John Collier who put an end to allotment restored free lands and some powers to Nations and improved their living conditions in reservations as well as in boarding schools But the world crisis of 1929 called capitalism into question and put nationalist movements in power all over the world, and some of them had a strong desire for conquest To stop the expansion of Hitler’s Germany France and the United Kingdom declared war against him in 1939 But France was defeated and established the Vichy regime to collaborate with Germany which itself allied with Italy and Japan, the last of which seized this opportunity to establish military bases in allied Vichy French Indochina This got the US to worry about Japanese expansion so it stopped oil sales to Japan and sent weapons to its enemy China In reaction, Japan attacked by surprise the US military base of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and provoked the entry of the United States into the Second World War and the deportation of 110,000 persons of Japanese origin who were living in the country And after 3 years of war the Russian counter-offensive and the Allied landings made Germany capitulate in 1945 Then the other Russian attack and the atomic bombs dropped by the United States made Japan lose the war Following this war, 2 great world powers stood out The United States with Truman And the Soviet Union with Stalin Each advocating an opposing ideology On the one hand capitalism based on individual success and market deregulation at the risk of creating strong inequalities and on the other hand communism based on collective work and total State control at the risk of oppressing the people Each camp tried to restrain the other’s expansion by rallying as many countries as possible to its cause through a war of influence called the Cold War And while the USSR was militarily occupying Eastern Europe and was deporting millions of anti-communist suspects to the Gulag The United States was extending its influence outside Latin America They armed France against the communists of Indochina who were no longer accepting to be a colony They put Western Europe on their side by sending a massive financial aid for its reconstruction They repulsed the Soviets from the Middle East and they formed anti-Communist alliances with America and Europe But in 1949, Communism gained momentum Communist Mao Zedong came to power in China and the USSR managed in turn to build the atomic bomb This created a great paranoia movement in the United States which no longer hesitated, like the USSR, to intervene directly in foreign countries and to use propaganda to fight communism First of all, they engaged in the war against communist North Korea And since in Latin America, democracies were about to elect leftist governments the CIA infiltrated Latino countries to support several coups d’états that replaced current democracies with anti-Communist dictators at the expense of human rights Which led to violent civil wars in these countries Even inside the US, citizens were being spied on and newspapers were controlled But the fear of communism also affected the natives whose community lifestyle looked too much like communism for some people From 1953, a federal policy called Termination decided to close reservations in order to put an end to federal aids and to make their inhabitants move in town to assimilate with other citizens But in 1959 in Cuba, a revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara overthrew the dictator Batista who had been put in place by the USA The CIA tried to repel them during the Bay of Pigs Invasion but it lost the battle and the USSR seized this opportunity to install missile ramps within range of the United States which made the world fear a 3rd nuclear World War This was barely avoided by negotiations led by President Kennedy resulting in the beginning of a détente policy with the USSR and by the nuclear disarmament of the two great powers But the conflicts kept on in Latin America and in Vietnam with the reinforcement of leftist revolutionary movements against dictators pushing the CIA to support a 2nd wave of coups d’états to suppress them Despite all of this, Kennedy’s action against communism was still considered as weak by conservatives while his anti-segregation policy created violent tensions leading to his assassination at the end of 1963 Indeed, militant minorities were raising more and more their voice Black people were fighting through nonviolence, large and peaceful marches with Martin Luther King and for some by using force leading to the end of segregation in 1964 They inspired young natives from different Nations to come together under the name Indians and to make impactful demonstrations such as the occupation of the former prison of Alcatraz leading to the end of the Assimilation Policy Homosexuals were fighting to stop being considered sick and created the gay pride And feminist movements gained many rights However, meanwhile, the United States entered a massive war against communist Vietnam until 1971, when the Pentagon Papers exposed the manipulations and scandals of the government in this war On top of that, the year-later Watergate scandal exposed the spying and corruption involved in the election of the new Republican President Nixon And that was why most of the civil rights movements aligned in an anti-war and anti-corruption movement Which forced Nixon to gradually end the war in Vietnam all the more than the US army was far from winning it But that did not prevent him from relaunching an interventionist policy in other countries than Vietnam He supported Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt which drove OPEC country members to spot exporting oil to USA And he and his successor supported a 3rd wave of Coups d’Etats in Latin America against new left-wing democracies The best-known overthrow was that of Chilean President Salvador Allende who wanted to create a socialist democracy and to nationalize the foreign companies that held the country’s resources To prevent that, the CIA organized a Coup alongside his opponents which put in power the dictator Pinochet This turned Chile : into a laboratory to test new free market theories against inflation stimulating foreign investments but destroying the local Chilean economy And into a CIA anti-communist intelligence center with Operation Condor causing the disappearance and torture of hundreds of thousands of people in Latin America These scandals put in power Jimmy Carter who wanted to put an end to interventions But revolutionaries took power in Nicaragua, Afghanistan and Iran provoking wars and a rise in oil prices which put the conservatives back in power with Ronald Reagan to oppose the Welfare State and relaunch the interventions Reagan supported all the anti-communist revolutions in the world by giving money and arms to many groups who were supposed to destabilize their government He financed the Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviets, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq against Iran and Latin American counter-revolutionary armies such as the Contras who became out of controle But the USSR economy was in bad shape and the anti-communist revolutions of its inner republics led to its downfall Therefore, the United States no longer needed anti-communist dictators in Latin America and then, it encouraged countries to implement back democraties which by the way justified a new Coup d’Etat in Panama against a dictator that had been previously set up by the USA But these new democracies came with free trade agreements which were very unfavorable to countries like Haiti or Mexico where millions of peasants could no longer compete with cheap US corn and rice and had to sell their land and massively emigrate to find work And in the Middle East, many groups that had been financed by the USA during the war against the Soviets were gaining strength and maintaining the regions in instability which did not please the United States which had strong investments in oil there When Saddam Hussein’s Iraq invaded Kuwait, oil prices rose leading Bush Sr. to wage a blitz war on Iraq And meanwhile, Bin Laden and his Al-Qaeda group were denouncing the installation of US soldiers in Saudi Arabia as an occupation and they joined forces with the Taliban in Afghanistan in order to carry out several attacks against the United States until the one of September 11, 2001 which led the new President Bush Jr. into a new blitz war against Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan which fell within a few months But this victory was too quick to satisfy the US need for revenge That was why Bush blamed Saddam Hussein of harboring and financing terrorists to prolong the war in Iraq and control the country and its oil, creating new anti-US armed groups from which emerged the Islamic State in 2014 Regarding the United States, in 2008, a new economic crisis spread throughout the world and deepened the differences between Republicans and Democrats on issues such as racial discrimination, immigration, influence of the United States in the world or the energy and digital transitions with precious metals As for the fights for the rights of minorities, they continue to alternate between advances and setbacks And despite the improvement of their rights, the natives of the reservations still are the most exposed to isolation, water scarcity, the endangerment of their sacred sites as well as to poverty and alcoholism Although some are doing well with casinos and tourism And that’s it for the History of the territory where the United States of America is currently located This video required me more than 2000 hours of synthesis and map creation work So if this content interested you and if you want to promote it, you can subscribe to the channel or make a donation via the Tipeee, Utip or Youtube platforms to make possible the creation of new videos Of course this was a summary of the History of the United States and there are a lot of other things to say But fortunately, comments are made for that See you very soon for new videos, ciao! .

Déroulement de la vidéo:

0.06 This video tells the History and prehistory of the territory
0.06 where the United States of America is currently located
0.06 from the arrival of the very first humans until today.
0.06 So make yourself comfortable and let&;s go!
0.06 Since the beginning of the first humans 2.5 million years ago
0.06 several human species have been migrating through Africa and Eurasia
0.06 and have been evolving
0.06 But on the other side of the oceans
0.06 another whole continent was still remaining beyond their reach
0.06 However, about 100,000 years ago
0.06 the Earth entered a new ice age
0.06 and the ice accumulated so much
0.06 that it lowered the level of the oceans
0.06 and caused a new strip of land to emerge
0.06 between Siberia and Alaska
0.06 and it was during this period that the human species of Sapiens
0.06 in turn migrated to Eurasia
0.06 For reasons that we do not know, they ended up supplanting the other human species
0.06 and managed to pass alone in Alaska
0.06 But at that time, the climate warmed up again
0.06 first causing a melting of the ice
0.06 which freed a passage to the South
0.06 then a rise in the waters which separated again the two continents
0.06 But the giant animals and the horses living on this continent
0.06 were not adapted to global warming
0.06 so they ended up disappearing,
0.06 not being helped either by humans who were spreading throughout the territory
0.06 and improving their hunting tools.
0.06 These groups of humans, who were nomads,
0.06 adapted their way of life according to the climate of the region they were living in
0.06 From the Great Plains filled with plants and bisons
0.06 to the arid deserts of the Southwest where the lack of food
0.06 led them to grow plants and build stone shelters
0.06 to protect themselves from the Sun
0.06 right through the milder weather on the coasts and the eastern woodlands
0.06 where many hunter-gatherer societies formed
0.06 with very varied lifestyles
0.06 Some of these societies grew
0.06 and developed pottery and trade
0.06 until that the accumulation of wealth
0.06 created from 1000 BC
0.06 commercial but also religious elites
0.06 based on the shaman, his rituals
0.06 and the construction of large mounds made of earth to bury the elite in.
0.06 This is called the Adena culture followed up by the Hopewell culture
0.06 which lasted until 500 AD
0.06 Meanwhile in Central America
0.06 agriculture had been replacing hunter and gatherer ways of life
0.06 and it was slowly spreading to the North
0.06 First in the deserts where the Hohokam and Mogollon peoples
0.06 started to build sophisticated irrigation systems
0.06 to cultivate many plants including corn
0.06 and where emerged the farming peoples of the Anasasis, Fremonts and Patayans
0.06 Then it spread east of the Mississippi
0.06 where the mounds peoples started to intensively cultivate corn
0.06 as early as 800 AD
0.06 They are nowadays called the Mississippians
0.06 And eventually around 1000 AD, it spread among the central plains nomadic peoples and among the Northeastern woodlands
0.06 creating large and permanent villages surrounded by vast fields
0.06 These Northeastern communities were numerous
0.06 and they all had very varied traditions and languages
0.06 ​​but they usually had in common
0.06 the way they used to choose their leader according to his ability to take the right decisions for his clan
0.06 These leaders being also women in some communities
0.06 But that was not preventing them from regularly entering into conflict
0.06 because in their culture, each crime had to be avenged by lightning attacks or captures of prisoners
0.06 who were then tortured or put into slavery
0.06 And it was among these communities that Viking navigators,
0.06 who were exploring the seas up to Greenland and even further,
0.06 founded a small colony in an area they called Vinland
0.06 from where they started to trade with the locals until a conflict broke out
0.06 and made them leave without ever coming back
0.06 Meanwhile, in the very hierarchical societies of the South
0.06 maize farming was becoming of major importance in their culture
0.06 Which reinforced the power of the priests
0.06 who were due to protect maize crops with their rituals
0.06 and of the elite who were accumulating the crops
0.06 fostering the creation of large villages
0.06 and new religious, artistic and commercial centers
0.06 which also became ultra-precise astronomical calendars dedicated to harvests
0.06 such as Mesa Verde and Pueblo Bonito among the Anasazi
0.06 or the city of Cahokia among the Mississippians
0.06 whose fortifications sheltered up to 15,000 inhabitants
0.06 in the middle of ever higher mounds
0.06 where human sacrifices were sometimes made
0.06 But between 1250 and 1450
0.06 an alternation between droughts and heavy rains
0.06 coupled with intensive agriculture that deforested and impoverished the soil
0.06 discredited both the elites who were still accumulating wealth
0.06 and the priests no longer able to curry favor with nature
0.06 This caused wars between chiefdoms and civil wars
0.06 that led major centers to be deserted
0.06 and their inhabitants to scatter around
0.06 The Mississippian way of life only survived in the South
0.06 with the Caddo and then the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and later the Natchez nation
0.06 while in the Southwest
0.06 some clans from the former Anasazi, Hohokam and Mogollon peoples
0.06 rejoined into small villages
0.06 under new names such as Hopi and Zuni peoples
0.06 letting the Ute, Paiute and Shoshoni nomadic tribes
0.06 spread in the region
0.06 These nomadic peoples were living by bison hunting
0.06 like the peoples of the Great Plains
0.06 and they were joined in the 15th century or maybe earlier
0.06 by small bands of Athapaskan hunter-gatherers from the North
0.06 Some of these bands became farmers like the Dinehs, later called Navajos
0.06 while others remained nomadic
0.06 alternating between trade and raids against more sedentary peoples
0.06 There was also a full load of raids among the warrior Nations of the North-East
0.06 where a spiral of revenge pushed them to ally into Confederacies
0.06 The best known one being that of the five Nations who came together in 1450 or earlier
0.06 as the Haudenosaunees: the longhouse people
0.06 creating a Constitution and a Great Council
0.06 where to each female clan chief
0.06 used to send an emissary to debate major decisions
0.06 Meanwhile, on the West Coast and in Florida
0.06 the food was so diversified
0.06 that many hunter-gatherers and fishermen societies
0.06 developed without having to implement agriculture
0.06 such as the Calusa and the Timucua whose population was growing more and more
0.06 Of course, there were hundreds of other peoples settled in all the territory whose name we still don&;t know
0.06 But before going further,
0.06 let&;s see what was happening in Europe
0.06 where evolution and human inventions had taken a completely different path
0.06 Cultivable plants were different,
0.06 horses had not disappeared
0.06 And by the way, domestic animals were much more numerous
0.06 and their proximity to humans
0.06 had spread many diseases against which humans had become immune over time
0.06 And the mastery of metals had led to the invention of firearms
0.06 and currencies based on gold
0.06 In addition, a large trade network was connecting Europe to Asia
0.06 also called Indies
0.06 to import spices to enhance the taste of European food
0.06 This trade was worth an enormous potential for wealth
0.06 but the too many middlemen along the way were rising the price of spices
0.06 especially since 1453
0.06 when the Ottoman Empire conquered the territory where all these commodities were passing through
0.06 And from 1479, it granted Venice and Genoa commercial monopolies
0.06 which prevented other countries from benefiting from it.
0.06 However, Portugal and Spain had recently well improved their navigation techniques
0.06 to colonize ever more distant islands into the Atlantic
0.06 So an idea emerged : let&;s ​​find a new passage free of any customs or monopoly towards the Indies
0.06 For that purpose, Portugal tried to circumvent Africa
0.06 while Spain, convinced by the navigator Cristoforo Colombo,
0.06 decided to join the Indies by crossing the Atlantic ocean
0.06 and this was how, in 1492,
0.06 Cristoforo Colombo landed on islands he believed to be part of the Indies
0.06 and conquered the Taíno and Karib peoples whom he mistakenly called Indians
0.06 Everyone then thought that Asia could be reached via the Atlantic ocean
0.06 Tensions rose between Spain and Portugal over who would be able to colonize these lands
0.06 And the Pope, who saw a great opportunity to convert these peoples to Catholicism,
0.06 decided between them by giving the unknown lands of the West to Spain
0.06 and those of the East to Portugal
0.06 But despite this division, England went there anyway
0.06 and found great schools of cod
0.06 which attracted thousands of European fishermen
0.06 who came into contact with the Confederacies of the North-East
0.06 And Portugal also went there
0.06 and understood with Amerigo Vespucci
0.06 that these were not islands on the way to Asia
0.06 but a whole continent
0.06 Thus, this continent was named after Amerigo: America
0.06 For its part, Spain christianized and enslaved local peoples
0.06 to find gold mines and to work in sugar cane and tobacco plantations
0.06 And the conquistadors left for the continent to find even more gold and slaves
0.06 And that was how Hernan Cortés and Francisco Pizarro
0.06 conquered in just a few years the great Mexica and Inca empires
0.06 thanks to their horses and firearms
0.06 but above all by allying with the many peoples oppressed by these empires
0.06 and by unknowingly surfing on the virulent smallpox epidemics they brought with them
0.06 and that happened to kill, sometimes even before they put a foot on their lands,
0.06 hundreds of thousands of inhabitants who were not yet immunized against European diseases
0.06 Further North, however, conquest was less easy
0.06 The 3 Spanish expeditions in Florida
0.06 were repelled by the Calusa, Timucua and other Nations
0.06 whose slash attacks and bow agility were more efficient
0.06 than the slow and heavy arquebuses and iron armors
0.06 Moreover, despite the rumors of Cities of Gold
0.06 Neither the French Jacques Cartier nor the Spaniard Coronado found gold in the North of this continent
0.06 Since Coronado was disappointed, he destroyed and plundered Zuni and Hopi villages
0.06 However, these first contacts with Europeans
0.06 brought enormous epidemics which ravaged the Nations
0.06 The multitude of coastal villages emptied out
0.06 and the Caddo and Coosa cities got almost completely wiped out
0.06 Which enabled Europeans to found their first colonies
0.06 So, why found colonies there?
0.06 First, in order to attack the Spanish galleons filled with stolen gold
0.06 from Mexica and Inca
0.06 This was the era of corsairs
0.06 The French founded bases in Florida but Spain destroyed them
0.06 and locked the access to these lands by founding its first permanent colonies
0.06 and while the English also founded a base which was quickly abandoned,
0.06 the Spaniard Juan de Oñate set up outposts in the South-West
0.06 to secure this territory
0.06 Secondly the Europeans came for cod fishing
0.06 and to buy beaver furs from local Nations, which were very fashionable in Europe
0.06 From 1600, private companies supported by European kings
0.06 founded, after several failed attempts, trading fur posts :
0.06 Port-Royal and Quebec in New France
0.06 the English village of Jamestown in Virginia
0.06 and the Dutch trading post Fort Nassau followed by Fort Orange and New Amsterdam in New Netherland
0.06 And finally, other Europeans wanted to found in North America utopian communities
0.06 where religious minorities would be able to live their faith without repression
0.06 Because in the 16th century in Europe
0.06 many Christian movements got separated from the Church which they considered as corrupt
0.06 and some were suffering repressions
0.06 such as an English Puritan movement who wanted to split up with the Anglican church
0.06 and fled Europe to found the colony of Plymouth in 1620
0.06 on the lands of the Wampanoag Nation
0.06 So, all these small European colonies were settled in the middle of many nations and chiefdoms
0.06 They therefore needed to ally with the local Nations for many reasons :
0.06 to survive potential attacks, harsh climate,
0.06 and the lack of farmers in the colonies,
0.06 to trade with the Nations
0.06 and for the monks to christianize them
0.06 On the other side, local Nations also wanted to ally with Europeans
0.06 First of all because they were bearing the full brunt of European diseases
0.06 killing 90% of some peoples
0.06 and causing starvation, disintegration of societies and wars between Nations
0.06 Therefore, many converted to Christianity
0.06 because the monks who were settling in their communities were immune to these diseases
0.06 and were seen as great shamans who convinced them to convert
0.06 And moreover, wars incited the Nations
0.06 to need European horses and firearms against their enemies
0.06 and also to have, in exchange for the furs,
0.06 the monopoly of the European metals, textiles and glass objects
0.06 that no Nation knew how to manufacture
0.06 and therefore that gave them a strong commercial advantage against their enemies
0.06 And that is why alliances were formed via ceremonies or marriages
0.06 But these first alliances evolved differently depending on each colony
0.06 New Spain quickly favored assimilation and repression
0.06 Assimilation because in exchange for being protected by the Spaniards against the raids of enemy Nations
0.06 they incited the peoples to convert to the European way of life
0.06 until even getting married between Spaniards and locals
0.06 which gave birth to a mixed population allowed to access the high administrative positions of the colony
0.06 And repression because these peoples also had to pay taxes, work for them,
0.06 and provide them with food at the risk of being massacred if they refused
0.06 The best lands were reserved for the Spaniards when many locals fell into poverty
0.06 In New France, although each camp felt superior to the other
0.06 It was rather a cooperative relationship that was maintaining
0.06 As from 1603, Samuel de Champlain allied with many Nations
0.06 and went on raids with them against the Haudenosaunee
0.06 called Iroquois by the French
0.06 These alliances endured because the fur trade did not require a lot of settlers
0.06 Therefore, the French were not encroaching on the territories of their allies
0.06 However, among the English, separation prevailed
0.06 Be it the Puritans who wanted to live their utopia among themselves
0.06 or the Jamestown settlers among whom John Rolfe imported from 1612
0.06 a variety of Caribbean tobacco that England got to love
0.06 Thus, tobacco plantations started to attract many colonists
0.06 to whom the London Company arbitrarily gave arable lands
0.06 that encroached on the land of the powerful Powhatan Nation
0.06 The marriage in 1614 between John Rolfe and the Powhatan chief&;s daughter Pocahontas pacified relations,
0.06 but the massive arrival of workers on the plantations stirred up tensions
0.06 and resulted in the massacre by the Powhatans of a third of the English settlers in 1622
0.06 who retaliated with as much violence.
0.06 The ties were then broken
0.06 But as much as tobacco plantations
0.06 fur trade and religious utopia also attracted many new European colonists
0.06 The Spanish oppression and the English thirst for land led to Native revolts
0.06 that were bloodily repressed
0.06 and epidemics spread again with renewed vigor
0.06 To compensate for the human losses due to the epidemics
0.06 the Iroquois started to attack other Nations
0.06 in order to snatch their inhabitants to : either eat them and acquire their strength
0.06 or integrate them in their Iroquois society
to maintain their numbers
0.06 These were called the mourning wars
0.06 But they also fought for the renowned monopoly on beaver fur
0.06 that they were trading with the Dutch
0.06 and whose overhunting pushed them even further
0.06 to attack the Canadians&; fur suppliers
0.06 such as the Wendat also called Hurons
0.06 as well as the Anishinaabeg and Innu
0.06 They resisted but from 1639
0.06 the Iroquois obtained more power by obtaining firearms from the Dutch
0.06 while the Canadians did not want to provide some to their Wendat allies
0.06 for fear that they would later use these firearms against them.
0.06 And that was why from 1648, with their new firepower,
0.06 the Iroquois assimilated half of the Wendat, killed many others
0.06 and kept on raiding even further
0.06 destroying the peoples who were forming the Canadian trade network
0.06 While the plains of the North, became the refuge of survivors who had different languages ​​and cultures
0.06 but were forced to live together
0.06 creating, over the decades and internal conflicts, new peoples
0.06 Consequently, the Canadians went further inland to recreate their trade network
0.06 To do so, they strived to pacify relations between local Nations
0.06 and to bribe each community leader
0.06 in order to form a widespread alliance network based on gifts, and from now on, on firearms supplies
0.06 These alliances allowed them to compete with the Iroquois
0.06 as well as with the British colonies which had been keeping on growing
0.06 through the temporary conquest of French Acadia,
0.06 the founding of the new colony of Carolina
0.06 where plantation owners started to enslave Blacks and Natives
0.06 via the triangular trade
0.06 then the conquest of New Netherland in 1664
0.06 new trading posts on the Hudson Bay,
0.06 the colonization of the Bahamas
0.06 And eventually, in 1682, the colony of Pennsylvania
0.06 where the religious movement of the Quakers decided to create an anti-slavery society
0.06 where all religions could coexist
0.06 And all these colonies spread into the inner lands
0.06 Some local Nations, not so much affected by this expansion, allied with the British
0.06 such as the Iroquois, Catawba and Chickasaws
0.06 who were trading with them beaver furs, deer skins or slaves for firearms
0.06 and such as the Lenape who signed, at first, an honest treaty with Pennsylvania
0.06 But in the Northeast, new settlers were flocking to the lands of the natives
0.06 who rose up against the Puritan intrusions
0.06 and against the bringing of alcohol into their societies.
0.06 which led the Wampanoag, Narragansett and other Nations
0.06 to get massacred by the British and their Iroquois allies,
0.06 sold as slaves, put in Christian villages or reservations
0.06 and to be almost exterminated
0.06 While other Nations looked for protection inside the Franco-Indian alliance
0.06 However, the Puritan intolerance could also backfire against the colonists themselves
0.06 like in the village of Salem in 1692,
0.06 where a series of witchcraft accusations
0.06 led to the arrest and hanging of many people
0.06 On Spanish colonies&; side
0.06 It was the turn of the Pueblo to rise up in 1680
0.06 against the Catholic priests who were forbidding them to practice their beliefs
0.06 And this time, they managed to expel the Spaniards during 12 years
0.06 This rebellion also released many Spanish horses
0.06 that the Apache nomadic tribes learnt to ride in order to carry out ever further raids
0.06 And that was how horses spread over the Great Plains
0.06 While from the East, the French were spreading firearms
0.06 Thus, some tribes took advantage of their new mobility and firepower to expand their territory
0.06 and moved towards new regions full of bisons and grass to feed their horses
0.06 causing numerous conflicts and migrations of the peoples on their way
0.06 This was the expansion onset of powerful nomadic tribes
0.06 such as Shoshone, Comanche, Apache, Sioux, Cheyenne etc.
0.06 who alternated between trade and wars with their neighbors
0.06 These tribes, made up of a multitude of small groups,
0.06 created specific nomadic ways of life in the Plains,
0.06 while sharing similar features such as horses, raids, bison hunting
0.06 and dances dedicated to the Great Spirit
0.06 Meanwhile, the Franco-Indian alliance was more and more expanding :
0.06 The French explored the Mississippi region
0.06 that Cavelier de la Salle named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
0.06 Then during the Nine Years&; War
0.06 they repelled the English and their Iroquois allies
0.06 with whom they ended up signing a Great Peace in 1701
0.06 so that they would fight their mourning wars further away in the South
0.06 And eventually, they established new forts in Louisiana
0.06 in order to contain the British colonies expansion
0.06 And they allied with new Nations including the powerful Natchez and Choctaw
0.06 by helping them to make peace with the Chickasaw slave hunters
0.06 But of course these new contacts spread serious epidemics
0.06 Powerful Nations barely survived
0.06 and smaller ones either settled near the French settlements
0.06 to be protected and converted to Catholicism
0.06 or mixed up their survivors into forming a new people :
0.06 the Muskogee also called the Creek
0.06 And when in 1702, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in Europe,
0.06 the British colonists from Carolina allied with the Creek
0.06 who attacked the Spaniards and devastated what was remaining
0.06 of their Apalachee and Timucua allies in order to capture slaves
0.06 The survivors mixed up in turn
0.06 into another new people: the Seminole
0.06 The conflict also took place in the North against the Canadians
0.06 But in 1713 a peace treaty was eventually signed in Europe
0.06 and France and Spain, which were weakened,
0.06 were compelled to give to Great Britain :
0.06 Newfoundland, Acadia
0.06 and the Hudson Bay fur trade monopoly
0.06 as well as the slave trade monopoly towards Spanish colonies
0.06 Thus, British colonies gained a lot of power
0.06 and put more and more pressure on local Nations
0.06 The Tuscarora and Yamasee led two major revolts
0.06 but they ended up exterminated along with surrounding Nations
0.06 And this gave room for hundreds of thousands of colonists
0.06 to arrive from Europe in order to obtain land, work or to flee from oppression
0.06 And hundreds of thousands more were brought against their will
0.06 as convicts or slaves
0.06 Which led the colonies to grow even more
0.06 to the detriment of local Nations whose lands were trimmed piece by piece
0.06 to the point of being forced to move westwards
0.06 mixing up with the Mingo, Shawnee, Catawba, Cherokee and Creek Nations
0.06 who were fighting among themselves for the monopoly of trade with the British
0.06 This tidal wave of new colonists so did overwhelm the Spanish and French colonies
0.06 who offset their low number with ever more forts and alliances with natives
0.06 whose due gifts were starting to cost France a lot of money
0.06 By the way, French colonies went for the first time to war against allied Nations
0.06 Against the Ho-Chunk and Meskwaki to control the northern rivers through which furs were transported
0.06 and against the Natchez who no longer wanted to pay taxes
0.06 and were exterminated by French Louisiana colonists
0.06 and sold as slaves for the new Louisiana plantations
0.06 But their biggest enemy remained the British
0.06 with whom they were now fighting
0.06 over a region full of fertile lands and fur trade : the Ohio Valley
0.06 The two powers and their allies went to war in 1754
0.06 on top of which the European Seven Years War broke out
0.06 once again allying France and Spain against Great Britain
0.06 which eventually came out victorious
0.06 after having conquered the West Indies and Canada
0.06 In order to keep West Indies, Spain had to give Florida to the British
0.06 but it kept the South West
0.06 And France had to give them all its colonies and forts
0.06 except the Eastern part of Louisiana
0.06 which was secretly given to its Spanish ally
0.06 so that it would not fall into British hands
0.06 This was the end of the French colonies in North America
0.06 and the beginning of the British hegemony
0.06 which then tried to assimilate the Canadians
0.06 The problem was that the British settlers:
0.06 1) did not see this new territory as isolated settlements and forts in the midst of local Nations
0.06 but as an entire territory where they could settle in
0.06 and 2) they replaced the French alliance system
0.06 by a domination system including the end of weapon trade,
0.06 the end of alliance gifts and a strong contempt for the natives
0.06 This pushed many Nations led by the Odawa Pontiac
0.06 to gather and fight against these new settlers
0.06 They seized most of the British forts,
0.06 devastated their crops and killed many inland settlers
0.06 To quell these conflicts, the King of Great Britain
0.06 guaranteed to these Nations a territory of their own beyond the Appalachian Mountains
0.06 where the British colonists no longer had the right to settle
0.06 This progressively enabled to sign peace treaties
0.06 But it prevented settlers from expanding towards the West
0.06 where the lands were fertile so they did not like that at all
0.06 Indeed, the current territory was already full of inhabitants.
0.06 And moreover, the debt accumulated during the Seven Years&; War
0.06 led Great Britain to increase the customs duties and taxes on the colonies
0.06 without including them in the British Parliament,
0.06 which widened the gap between colonists and homeland
0.06 and led to illegal border crossings, boycotts
0.06 and riots, the most famous one being the Boston Tea Party
0.06 to protest against the customs duties on tea
0.06 Great Britain suppressed these riots
0.06 and in 1774 it extended the borders of Quebec into Ohio
0.06 Not to authorize its colonization
0.06 but on the contrary to block the advance of the eastern colonists
0.06 In reaction, 12 colonies gathered in a congress in Philadelphia
0.06 to raise against Great Britain an army of volunteers
0.06 whose leader was the Virginian planter George Washington
0.06 They tried to rally the former French and Spanish colonies
0.06 but those remained neutral or pro-British
0.06 and in the end, 13 colonies
0.06 declared their independence from Great Britain
0.06 on July 4, 1776 to create a republic
0.06 Two camps divided the colonists :
0.06 The patriots who wanted independence
0.06 and the loyalists who wanted to remain British
0.06 And each of these camps were joined :
0.06 by Natives that many youngsters joined the loyalists
0.06 for fear that the patriots might reject the treaties they had negotiated with the British
0.06 and secondly by Black slaves to whom each side promised freedom if they won
0.06 The British army quickly took New York
0.06 But George Washington&;s ambush techniques
0.06 and his alliance with Spain and especially France,
0.06 which wanted to weaken Great Britain and recover its colonial trade,
0.06 enabled the Patriot to repel them
0.06 And in 1783 Great Britain ended up recognizing the independence of the 13 colonies
0.06 which became 13 independent States gathered in a union called
0.06 the United States of America
0.06 So the loyalists lost
0.06 and whether they were white, native or black, they were exiled and their lands confiscated
0.06 US borders were pushed West to the Mississippi
0.06 even though treaties were still marking out the Nations&; territories
0.06 and Florida was given back to the Spaniards to thanks them for their help
0.06 A government gathering all the States was created
0.06 and was called the federal government
0.06 whose relative power compared to the States started to divide the country
0.06 And the right to vote was given to white men
0.06 who elected their first president of the republic in 1789:
0.06 George Washington
0.06 whose Bill of Rights guaranteed them many freedoms
0.06 While some Northern States had already begun to prohibit slavery
0.06 But while the United States was becoming independent,
0.06 things were also moving in the West
0.06 Russians and Bostonian merchants were hunting more and more sea lions
0.06 whose skins were in high demand in China,
0.06 along the way introducing firearms and alcohol in local societies
0.06 And to limit their expansion
0.06 New Spain built more and more forts and Catholic missions
0.06 in its northern border and also in California
0.06 where they tried to convert the locals and make them work for them
0.06 like in San Diego, San Francisco, Los Angeles, etc.
0.06 But these European and Russian incursions coupled in 1779 with a huge epidemic coming from Mexico
0.06 spread diseases throughout the West
0.06 killing a third of the West coast inhabitants,
0.06 90% of the Hopis and a large part of the Great Plains peoples
0.06 The nomads like the Sioux were a little less affected
0.06 because they lived in small groups always on the move
0.06 and they took advantage of this to extend their territory
0.06 in an area that New Spain was considering as its own
0.06 even though it was almost not present there
0.06 So from now on, for a better readability of the map
0.06 I remove the small peoples of the West but keep in mind that they were still there
0.06 So, let&;s go back to the East Coast
0.06 In the United States, millions of migrants were now arriving,
0.06 in addition to a skyrocketing demographic growth
0.06 Therefore, it had to expand its territory
0.06 It bought land from local Nations through numerous treaties
0.06 that were often signed under threat, corruption
0.06 or even with someone who had no rights over these lands
0.06 Which caused conflicts
0.06 And just after the Spaniards ceded Louisiana to Napoleon
0.06 the United States bought it back from him to expand even further
0.06 So, faced with this wave of migrants,
0.06 Native Nations got divided
0.06 Should they flee? Resist ? or westernize?
0.06 Because by selling their hunting lands to the United States
0.06 and by becoming Christian farmers,
0.06 natives were allowed to stay home
0.06 and to potentially enrich with plantations and slaves
0.06 In 1811, members of the Ohio Valley Nations chose to resist
0.06 by forming a great alliance led by Tecumseh
0.06 which was supported by British Canada
0.06 But the United States ended up defeating them
0.06 and turned against Canada which they did not manage to conquer
0.06 On the contrary, many natives from the Five Nations of the Southeast
0.06 chose to westernize in order to peacefully keep their lands
0.06 But a part of the Creeks called Red Sticks did not agree
0.06 and started a civil war in 1813
0.06 in which the United States intervened
0.06 and took advantage of this war to strip off each side
0.06 of a large part of its territory
0.06 Once done
0.06 The United States reduced the Nations from Ohio to reservations,
0.06 put down a Seminole revolt in 1818
0.06 Which enabled them to invade Florida, which was deserted by the Spaniards, to better contain them
0.06 Then negotiated with Canada a shared occupation of Oregon
0.06 for the fur trade
0.06 And while Mexico in turn obtained its independence from Spain
0.06 the industrialization of the USA kept on demanding more land
0.06 First, because of the growing demand for cotton
0.06 which by the way provoked two violently repressed slave revolts starting from 1821
0.06 and secondly because the railroad was attracting more and more workers
0.06 And when some gold was found in Georgia in 1828
0.06 land thirst quickly took over agreements signed with Nations
0.06 whether they were westernized or not
0.06 From 1830, 2 main policies enabled the USA to obtain more lands
0.06 First, President Andrew Jackson
0.06 set up a massive deportation of Eastern Nations
0.06 Hundreds of thousands of natives were confined in camps
0.06 then deported under terrible conditions mainly in current Kansas
0.06 and in a large reservation called Indian Territory
0.06 thus leaving the field clear for migrants to settle
0.06 and which probably spread new smallpox epidemics in the Great Plains
0.06 where about one people out of two were killed
0.06 And secondly many settlers set up in less populated Mexican territories
0.06 Whether in California,
0.06 where the Mexican government was also striping the natives of their lands
0.06 even though they were living in Catholic missions
0.06 This triggered numerous massacres and wars that killed a third of the native population.
0.06 But especially in Texas,
0.06 where they outnumbered the Hispanics,
0.06 declared its independence in 1836
0.06 and tied it to the United States in 1845
0.06 leading to a war between the two countries
0.06 which ended up with the victory of the United States
0.06 which obtained in 1848 a big part of northern Mexico
0.06 And at the exact same time when California was taken over by the United States
0.06 the news started to spread : a man had discovered gold there
0.06 Thus, hundreds of thousands of gold diggers came to California within only 4 years
0.06 It was the gold rush in California
0.06 The local peoples got surrounded from all sides causing massacres and enslavement
0.06 and the livestock brought by the settlers destroyed their hunting and gathering areas
0.06 reducing them to starvation and alcoholism
0.06 But to arrive in California,
0.06 the settlers tide wave was passing through the Great Plains Nations
0.06 which were already weakened by the epidemics from 10 years ago,
0.06 and got in turn overwhelmed by the Whites
0.06 And after many conflicts, the United States managed to sign as early as 1851,
0.06 great treaties with Plains Nations
0.06 who, in exchange for gifts and annual payments,
0.06 agreed not to attack the white trains and to remain within predefined borders
0.06 Meanwhile, among the eastern States,
0.06 industrialization had been disrupting people&;s way of life
0.06 who were seeking answers among prophets and new Protestant currents
0.06 such as the Adventists, the Shakers, the Unitarians
0.06 and the Mormons who left to settle West among the Ute and Paiute
0.06 And society got divided about new issues
0.06 such as women&;s rights, labor, education
0.06 or even the fear of new migrants&; arrival
0.06 either because they were Catholic like the Irish
0.06 or because they might take the jobs of already established workers
0.06 But above all, industrialization specialized regions and drove a barrier between them
0.06 The Northern states wanted a strong federal power to support industry and finance
0.06 and the Southern states, much less populated,
0.06 wanted each state to be more independent
0.06 to keep their slave-based planter lifestyle
0.06 And it was this slavery that crystallized tensions
0.06 First, because more and more slaves were fleeing to the North in order to live free
0.06 through the Underground Railroad clandestine network
0.06 But above all, because the conquest of the West led to the creation of new States
0.06 which, if they were to authorize slavery,
0.06 would attract planters and therefore would strengthen the Southern camp
0.06 while if they were to prohibit it, they would reinforce the Northern camp
0.06 To maintain a balance, two compromises agreed on dividing the territory
0.06 between Southern slave States and Northern "free" States
0.06 But the tensions grew and led to a civil war in Kansas,
0.06 an increase of discriminations against Black people,
0.06 and the creation of an anti-slavery republican party
0.06 And when in 1860, the republican Abraham Lincoln got elected president
0.06 Even though he did not intend to immediately abolish slavery
0.06 11 southern states seceded and created their own country
0.06 the Confederate States of America
0.06 It was the beginning of the Civil War between the Confederacy and the Union
0.06 Each side allied with natives and promised them to protect their territory if they won
0.06 and after some Confederate victories
0.06 the Union got the upper hand
0.06 But the war got bogged down and Lincoln started to need more soldiers
0.06 Thus, in 1863, he abolished slavery in the Confederate States
0.06 leading many Black people to join up to the Union
0.06 This did not please the Northern workers because the labor market was already saturated there
0.06 And Lincoln established conscription to force young people to go to war
0.06 This led to violent riots in New York
0.06 but the Union still managed to defeat the Confederates in 1865
0.06 provoking the assassination of Lincoln just after
0.06 Civil War balance sheet : 620,000 dead,
0.06 The 11 southern states gradually got reintegrated into the USA,
0.06 the federal power increased
0.06 and the industry and finance won over the agricultural model of the South
0.06 As for Black people, they became from then on free then citizens
0.06 so that the Republicans would recover their vote
0.06 Which did not prevent racism from prevailing in the North and also in the South
0.06 where an anti-Black outburst created laws locally limiting their freedom
0.06 and created the Ku Klux Klan
0.06 which spread terror to prevent Black people from voting
0.06 But in the meantime of the American Civil War,
0.06 gold was found in the western Great Plains
0.06 and Lincoln had passed a law in 1862 which gave free lands in this area
0.06 Thus, mining towns sprang up like mushrooms
0.06 and hundreds of thousands of farmers
0.06 whose journey got simplier thanks to the new railroads under construction
0.06 settled on the Plains Nations&; lands despite of all the treaties
0.06 This caused many wars, raids and massacres
0.06 including the deportation of the Mescalero Apaches and the Navajos in a concentration camp
0.06 until the government managed to negotiate new treaties
0.06 that reduced the territories of the Plains and Alaskan Nations to reservations
0.06 and sent others to the Indian Territory
0.06 on their point of view : to protect each side from the hostility of the other
0.06 and to give them the same rights as the Whites thanks to citizenship
0.06 But on Nations&; point of view
0.06 becoming citizens of the United States meant losing their sovereignty
0.06 and giving up their cultures and religions
0.06 Let&;s add to that the strong reduction of their territory,
0.06 the bison overhunting by White people
0.06 making the reservations dependent on food rations
0.06 delivered by the federal government,
0.06 corrupt federal agents who were keeping these rations for themselves
0.06 and barren lands sometimes hosting together several enemy Nations
0.06 And that was why, some young Cheyenne, Comanche, Sioux, Nez Percé, Modoc and Chiricahua Apache
0.06 refused to go to these reservations
0.06 and kept on their nomadic lifestyles
0.06 based on bison hunting, horse stealing
0.06 and raids against enemy tribes
0.06 and especially against white settlers
0.06 In reaction, the army sent thousands of soldiers to suppress these groups which were bringing chaos to the region
0.06 And in 1875, General Custer discovered gold
0.06 in the sacred Black Hills region of the Sioux reservation
0.06 making the government want to possess these lands
0.06 To defend those, Sioux chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
0.06 gathered many young Sioux and Cheyenne warriors
0.06 and slaughtered Custer&;s army during of the battle of Little Bighorn
0.06 Shocked by this defeat, the government sent even more soldiers
0.06 to deport against their will all the natives into reservations
0.06 Sitting Bull had no choice but to flee to Canada,
0.06 the Nez Percé tried to join him
0.06 but were massacred just before crossing the border
0.06 And only the Chiricahua Apache, led by Geronimo,
0.06 kept on fleeing the army
0.06 and making raids in Mexico and the United States until exhaustion
0.06 They eventually let themselves be captured in 1886
0.06 and were sent to a reservation in Florida
0.06 as prisoners of war
0.06 This marked the end of the Plains Indians nomadic way of life
0.06 The cowboys and farmers who had little success in cultivating these new lands
0.06 were quickly overtaken by mining companies
0.06 and only the Navajo and Pueblo peoples were allowed to keep their lands
0.06 because they were too arid to interest the Whites
0.06 As for the rest, the living conditions worsened
0.06 Boarding schools were created outside the reservations to separate children from their families
0.06 and acculturate them
0.06 All dances and ceremonies were forbidden
0.06 but some Nations kept on resisting with the new Ghost Dance
0.06 which was calling for the return of their traditions
0.06 and the destruction of the Whites
0.06 But this dance was suppressed by the massacre of hundreds of Sioux at Wounded Knee in 1890
0.06 Which broke the spirit of resistance of the Plains Nations
0.06 and the reservations lands continued to be purchased by the Whites
0.06 And from 1887, the Allotment Act
0.06 forced families living in the Indian Territory
0.06 to settle as farmers on small plots of land
0.06 to make the rest of the territory available for sale
0.06 But the money from the sales meant to be given to the natives disappeared,
0.06 the fertile lands got gradually bought by White people
0.06 and thus, the Nations got no other choice than relying on the food rations delivered by the government
0.06 Hunger, despondency, boredom and alcoholism overwhelmed them
0.06 and many left their reservation to find a job in town
0.06 Meanwhile in the Southern States
0.06 while small White and Black farmers
0.06 were swamped in credits to buy their grain and their farm equipment,
0.06 racism kept on worsening to the point that as early as 1877
0.06 Whites hijacked the Constitution
0.06 and created laws that prevented Black men from voting
0.06 and separated Blacks from Whites in all areas
0.06 It was racial segregation
0.06 that also spread to the North
0.06 even though it was not written in the law there
0.06 Racism also grew against Irish and Chinese people
0.06 who were accepting lower wages
0.06 initiating the first anti-immigration laws
0.06 And on their side, industry and finance were booming
0.06 and powerful businessmen agreed among themselves
0.06 to maintain high prices
0.06 and prevent the entry of new competitors
0.06 It was the birth of oil, whiskey, sugar, tobacco or steel monopolies
0.06 All this money corrupted the politicians
0.06 and in reaction, many progressive movements rose up
0.06 fighting individually for the workers, women, and Black people rights
0.06 But while the Allotment Act
0.06 was allowing the indigenous lands to be seized and exploited,
0.06 It was henceforth the resources of other countries which started to interest
0.06 industrialists, bankers, landowners, and corrupt politicians
0.06 It was the beginning of the US imperialism
0.06 whose main goal was not conquering except for Hawaii
0.06 But exploiting, through US companies,
0.06 the resources of surrounding countries
0.06 The US set up banks there,
0.06 negotiated advantageous customs rates,
0.06 bought back their debts to control their financial and commercial policy
0.06 and if its presence was rejected
0.06 it supported local pro-independence groups to overthrow the power in place
0.06 and put in place a favorable government that:
0.06 In Cuba, exported sugar to the USA at low price,
0.06 In the Philippines, gave the US a commercial foothold in Asia
0.06 as a colony
0.06 And in Panama, allowed the USA to build a canal between the two oceans
0.06 President Theodore Roosevelt restricted this intervention policy
0.06 and fought against monopolies
0.06 But as soon as Taft became president, expansionism resumed
0.06 and some countries opposed it, which pushed the United States
0.06 to go even further by directly overthrowing
0.06 the presidents : of Nicaragua to exploit its mines,
0.06 of Honduras to control its banana trade
0.06 and of Haiti to protect US banks and sugar plantations
0.06 Of course these interventions destabilized the countries
0.06 and caused a bloody war against the native Nations in the Philippines,
0.06 a long civil war in Nicaragua
0.06 and a revolution in 1910 in Mexico
0.06 And while imperialism and capitalism were bringing wealth to the USA
0.06 The First World War began in Europe
0.06 and the United States first helped France and the United Kingdom
0.06 by selling them food and ammunition
0.06 But in 1917, while Pancho Villa was raiding the United States
0.06 Germany blocked the US trade to Europe
0.06 and offered an alliance to the Mexican revolutionaries
0.06 They refused but the United States still recruited 2 million soldiers
0.06 to defend their democracy and helped their allies to win the war
0.06 The economy of the United States then started again
0.06 with cars, radio, cinema,
0.06 but also with stock market and consumer credits
0.06 while progressive movements were raising awareness of the harmful effects of alcohol,
0.06 which ended up being banned throughout the country in 1919
0.06 It was the time of Prohibition,
0.06 giving birth to an widespread alcohol trafficking by gangsters
such as Al Capone
0.06 But the unregulated growth of these Roaring Twenties
0.06 was based on speculation and credit
0.06 which caused a huge economic crisis in 1929
0.06 which spread throughout the world
0.06 Thus, Democrat Frankin D. Roosevelt was elected president
0.06 to radically change the politics of the United States
0.06 with the New Deal
0.06 He regulated industries and banks
0.06 and gave rights to workers
0.06 He stopped all the interventions in Latin America
0.06 and opened an era of cooperation on the continent
0.06 and he appointed to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) John Collier
0.06 who put an end to allotment
0.06 restored free lands and some powers to Nations
0.06 and improved their living conditions in reservations as well as in boarding schools
0.06 But the world crisis of 1929 called capitalism into question
0.06 and put nationalist movements in power all over the world,
0.06 and some of them had a strong desire for conquest
0.06 To stop the expansion of Hitler&;s Germany
0.06 France and the United Kingdom declared war against him in 1939
0.06 But France was defeated and established the Vichy regime
0.06 to collaborate with Germany
0.06 which itself allied with Italy and Japan,
0.06 the last of which seized this opportunity to establish military bases in allied Vichy French Indochina
0.06 This got the US to worry about Japanese expansion so it stopped oil sales to Japan
0.06 and sent weapons to its enemy China
0.06 In reaction, Japan attacked by surprise the US military base of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
0.06 and provoked the entry of the United States into the Second World War
0.06 and the deportation of 110,000 persons of Japanese origin
0.06 who were living in the country
0.06 And after 3 years of war
0.06 the Russian counter-offensive and the Allied landings
0.06 made Germany capitulate in 1945
0.06 Then the other Russian attack
0.06 and the atomic bombs dropped by the United States
0.06 made Japan lose the war
0.06 Following this war, 2 great world powers stood out
0.06 The United States with Truman
0.06 And the Soviet Union with Stalin
0.06 Each advocating an opposing ideology
0.06 On the one hand capitalism
0.06 based on individual success and market deregulation
0.06 at the risk of creating strong inequalities
0.06 and on the other hand communism
0.06 based on collective work and total State control
0.06 at the risk of oppressing the people
0.06 Each camp tried to restrain the other&;s expansion
0.06 by rallying as many countries as possible to its cause through a war of influence
0.06 called the Cold War
0.06 And while the USSR was militarily occupying Eastern Europe
0.06 and was deporting millions of anti-communist suspects to the Gulag
0.06 The United States was extending its influence outside Latin America
0.06 They armed France against the communists of Indochina
0.06 who were no longer accepting to be a colony
0.06 They put Western Europe on their side
0.06 by sending a massive financial aid for its reconstruction
0.06 They repulsed the Soviets from the Middle East
0.06 and they formed anti-Communist alliances with America and Europe
0.06 But in 1949, Communism gained momentum
0.06 Communist Mao Zedong came to power in China
0.06 and the USSR managed in turn to build the atomic bomb
0.06 This created a great paranoia movement in the United States
0.06 which no longer hesitated, like the USSR,
0.06 to intervene directly in foreign countries
0.06 and to use propaganda to fight communism
0.06 First of all, they engaged in the war against communist North Korea
0.06 And since in Latin America,
0.06 democracies were about to elect leftist governments
0.06 the CIA infiltrated Latino countries to support several coups d&;états
0.06 that replaced current democracies with anti-Communist dictators
0.06 at the expense of human rights
0.06 Which led to violent civil wars in these countries
0.06 Even inside the US, citizens were being spied on
0.06 and newspapers were controlled
0.06 But the fear of communism also affected the natives
0.06 whose community lifestyle looked too much like communism for some people
0.06 From 1953,
0.06 a federal policy called Termination decided to close reservations
0.06 in order to put an end to federal aids
0.06 and to make their inhabitants move in town
0.06 to assimilate with other citizens
0.06 But in 1959 in Cuba,
0.06 a revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara
0.06 overthrew the dictator Batista who had been put in place by the USA
0.06 The CIA tried to repel them during the Bay of Pigs Invasion
0.06 but it lost the battle
0.06 and the USSR seized this opportunity to install missile ramps
0.06 within range of the United States
0.06 which made the world fear a 3rd nuclear World War
0.06 This was barely avoided by negotiations led by President Kennedy
0.06 resulting in the beginning of a détente policy with the USSR
0.06 and by the nuclear disarmament of the two great powers
0.06 But the conflicts kept on in Latin America and in Vietnam
0.06 with the reinforcement of leftist revolutionary movements against dictators
0.06 pushing the CIA to support a 2nd wave of coups d&;états to suppress them
0.06 Despite all of this, Kennedy&;s action against communism
0.06 was still considered as weak by conservatives
0.06 while his anti-segregation policy
0.06 created violent tensions leading to his assassination at the end of 1963
0.06 Indeed, militant minorities were raising more and more their voice
0.06 Black people were fighting through nonviolence,
0.06 large and peaceful marches with Martin Luther King
0.06 and for some by using force
0.06 leading to the end of segregation in 1964
0.06 They inspired young natives from different Nations
0.06 to come together under the name Indians
0.06 and to make impactful demonstrations such as the occupation of the former prison of Alcatraz
0.06 leading to the end of the Assimilation Policy
0.06 Homosexuals were fighting to stop being considered sick
0.06 and created the gay pride
0.06 And feminist movements gained many rights
0.06 However, meanwhile, the United States entered a massive war against communist Vietnam
0.06 until 1971,
0.06 when the Pentagon Papers exposed the manipulations and scandals
0.06 of the government in this war
0.06 On top of that, the year-later Watergate scandal
0.06 exposed the spying and corruption involved in the election of the new Republican President Nixon
0.06 And that was why most of the civil rights movements
0.06 aligned in an anti-war and anti-corruption movement
0.06 Which forced Nixon to gradually end the war in Vietnam
0.06 all the more than the US army was far from winning it
0.06 But that did not prevent him from relaunching an interventionist policy in other countries than Vietnam
0.06 He supported Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt
0.06 which drove OPEC country members to spot exporting oil to USA
0.06 And he and his successor supported
0.06 a 3rd wave of Coups d&;Etats in Latin America
0.06 against new left-wing democracies
0.06 The best-known overthrow was that of Chilean President Salvador Allende
0.06 who wanted to create a socialist democracy
0.06 and to nationalize the foreign companies
0.06 that held the country&;s resources
0.06 To prevent that, the CIA organized a Coup alongside his opponents
0.06 which put in power the dictator Pinochet
0.06 This turned Chile :
0.06 into a laboratory to test new free market theories against inflation
0.06 stimulating foreign investments
0.06 but destroying the local Chilean economy
0.06 And into a CIA anti-communist intelligence center
0.06 with Operation Condor
0.06 causing the disappearance and torture of hundreds of thousands of people in Latin America
0.06 These scandals put in power Jimmy Carter
0.06 who wanted to put an end to interventions
0.06 But revolutionaries took power in Nicaragua, Afghanistan and Iran
0.06 provoking wars and a rise in oil prices
0.06 which put the conservatives back in power with Ronald Reagan
0.06 to oppose the Welfare State and relaunch the interventions
0.06 Reagan supported all the anti-communist revolutions in the world
0.06 by giving money and arms
0.06 to many groups who were supposed to destabilize their government
0.06 He financed the Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviets,
0.06 Saddam Hussein&;s Iraq against Iran
0.06 and Latin American counter-revolutionary armies such as the Contras
0.06 who became out of controle
0.06 But the USSR economy was in bad shape
0.06 and the anti-communist revolutions of its inner republics led to its downfall
0.06 Therefore, the United States no longer needed anti-communist dictators in Latin America
0.06 and then, it encouraged countries to implement back democraties
0.06 which by the way justified a new Coup d&;Etat in Panama
0.06 against a dictator that had been previously set up by the USA
0.06 But these new democracies came with free trade agreements
0.06 which were very unfavorable to countries
0.06 like Haiti or Mexico
0.06 where millions of peasants could no longer compete with cheap US corn and rice
0.06 and had to sell their land and massively emigrate to find work
0.06 And in the Middle East, many groups that had been financed by the USA
0.06 during the war against the Soviets were gaining strength
0.06 and maintaining the regions in instability
0.06 which did not please the United States which had strong investments in oil there
0.06 When Saddam Hussein&;s Iraq invaded Kuwait,
0.06 oil prices rose
0.06 leading Bush Sr. to wage a blitz war on Iraq
0.06 And meanwhile, Bin Laden and his Al-Qaeda group
0.06 were denouncing the installation of US soldiers in Saudi Arabia
0.06 as an occupation
0.06 and they joined forces with the Taliban in Afghanistan
0.06 in order to carry out several attacks against the United States
0.06 until the one of September 11, 2001
0.06 which led the new President Bush Jr.
0.06 into a new blitz war against Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan
0.06 which fell within a few months
0.06 But this victory was too quick to satisfy the US need for revenge
0.06 That was why Bush blamed Saddam Hussein of harboring and financing terrorists
0.06 to prolong the war in Iraq
0.06 and control the country and its oil,
0.06 creating new anti-US armed groups
0.06 from which emerged the Islamic State in 2014
0.06 Regarding the United States, in 2008,
0.06 a new economic crisis spread throughout the world
0.06 and deepened the differences between Republicans and Democrats
0.06 on issues such as racial discrimination,
0.06 immigration, influence of the United States in the world
0.06 or the energy and digital transitions
0.06 with precious metals
0.06 As for the fights for the rights of minorities,
0.06 they continue to alternate between advances and setbacks
0.06 And despite the improvement of their rights,
0.06 the natives of the reservations still are the most exposed to isolation,
0.06 water scarcity, the endangerment of their sacred sites
0.06 as well as to poverty and alcoholism
0.06 Although some are doing well with casinos and tourism
0.06 And that&;s it for the History of the territory where the United States of America is currently located
0.06 This video required me more than 2000 hours of synthesis and map creation work
0.06 So if this content interested you and if you want to promote it,
0.06 you can subscribe to the channel
0.06 or make a donation via the Tipeee, Utip or Youtube platforms
0.06 to make possible the creation of new videos
0.06 Of course this was a summary of the History of the United States
0.06 and there are a lot of other things to say
0.06 But fortunately, comments are made for that
0.06 See you very soon for new videos, ciao!
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